Adaptive Portfolio Management using Evolutionary Algorithm Essay

Versatile Portfolio Management utilizing Evolutionary Algorithm - Essay Example Presentation: Portfolio the board is the way toward overseeing resources for example stocks, bonds, and so on., to such an extent that an enormous come back with an okay is gotten. Anticipating value developments in monetary markets is a significant piece of building portfolios. Most dealers accept that the money related markets are not completely proficient and that there exist brief consistency, which could be misused for gathering abundance returns over the market normal [1]. Thusly, numerous money related establishments have created choice emotionally supportive networks to support brokers and investigators settle on choices about portfolio the executives all the more rapidly and all the more successfully. Specialized pointers use insights to decide drifts in security costs and are regularly utilized by money related markets and private dealers to help with portfolio the board. A study of outside trade merchants in London [2] gauges that up to 90% of dealers utilize some type of specialized markers and exchanging rules their day by day exchanging. Specialized pointers accept that protections move as per patterns and examples that are proceeded over a brief timeframes until another pattern is activated by the adjustment in the economic situation. The achievement of specialized markers relies upon how one deciphers the signs. Master human dealers are equipped for consolidating a few specialized markers and exchanging rules to show up at composite techniques which are utilized in portfolio determination, execution and hazard the board. The way toward showing up at such methodologies requires high understanding, mastery and regularly long and cleans long stretches of perception of chronicled and current market information to test and tweak various blends of specialized pointers and exchanging rules. In spite of the fact that there are understandings that budgetary markets do now and again show periods where certain exchanging rules work [3], it is elusive proof that a solitary exchanging system can work over an all-inclusive timeframe. This can be because of the way that money related markets are continually developing, and that when an exchanging rule is found to work it would not take some time before it is misused until it no longer gathers a critical benefit. This powers the dealers and specialized expert to continually make new techniques or retune the current methodologies so they would work under the new economic situations. The objective of my exploration is make a framework that copies human conduct in joining a lot of basic standards and specialized markers to make advanced exchanging methodologies. The framework at that point would continually develop those methodologies or making new procedures that would adjust to changing economic situations. 2. Inspiration: In the previous quite a while, there has been a striking increment in the utilization of budgetary displaying and improvement apparatuses, for example, algorithmic excha nging and mechanized portfolio the executives in money related businesses. Notwithstanding the weight on resource the executives firms to decrease costs and keep up an increasingly steady and unsurprising exhibition in the repercussions of the downturn in the world’s advertises as of late, three other general patterns have added to this expansion. In the first place, there has been an expansion of enthusiasm for prescient models for resource returns. Prescient models accept that it is conceivable to make contingent gauges of future returnsâ€an target that was recently considered not reachable by traditional money related hypothesis. Second, the wide accessibility of modern and particular programming bundles has empowered producing and misusing

Life Of Pi | Analysis

Life Of Pi | Analysis The book Life of Pi shows the Freuds hypothesis on the oblivious brain in ones character. As indicated by Freuds hypothesis, the psyche can be partitioned into two fundamental parts, which is the cognizant brain and the oblivious brain. Oblivious brain is the best, and most conceivably compromising is inconspicuous from the surface. The cognizant psyche is effectively mindful of all that is going on. Be that as it may, the oblivious brain impacts ones character and conduct without seeing it. At the end of the day, this fundamental impact is the thing that each and everybody is unconscious of. Pi encounters both cognizant psyche and oblivious brain. He was intentionally arranging cautiously how he would get by in the ocean by arranging how he would spend his food with the goal that food doesnt come up short on flexibly. His cognizant psyche paid tremendous commitments in helping him to make due in the ocean. At the point when Pi was youthful, his dad brought him and Ravi to the zoo to observe the mercilessness of the creatures. He tossed a goat into an encased enclosure with a tiger. True to form, the tiger eats the goat brutally. Pis fathers reason for doing so was to clarify how risky creatures could be. Pi was ignorant that this horrifying occasion has changed his character to turn out to be progressively brutal. So as to make due in the ocean, Pi slaughtered angles, ocean turtles, a flying creature and meerakats to extinguish his thirst and keep him to experience the ill effects of appetite. Craving knows no companion however its feeder (Aristophanes 1) The statement implies that when one is in the condition of food denied, one would effectively fulfill the yearning. Pi unknowingly transformed into another person when he was food denied. Pi was absolutely unconscious of it since he depended on his endurance impulses to keep himself alive despite seemingly insurmountable opposition. This plainly shows hunger has drove Pi to act in manners that he never though t of doing in his long periods of life. Another Freud hypothesis would be the Iceberg hypothesis. Icy mass hypothesis expresses that the spirit of an individual is molded like an ice shelf. The piece of the brain which is obvious for all to see is the superego and the conscience, both are the normal pieces of the psyche. What lies underneath the surface is an a lot bigger zone that is avoided the general visibility, at the end of the day, another self that is fended covered up off. Despite the fact that Pi is an individual who has his religions wellbeing on a basic level, he is profoundly principled, notwithstanding, he has a creature within him who later presents itself all through his difficulty adrift. Also, that creature would be Richard Parker. It was a condition of tense, short of breath exhausted. (Martel 155) exhibits that Pi was feeling pitiful and exhausted on the pontoon. This is the explanation Richard Parker is Pi since it was all the minds of Pi. Pi had his endurance sense, Richard Parker within him. I clutch ed one idea: Richard Parker. I brought forth a few intends to dispose of him with the goal that the raft may be mine. (Martel 210) The id is the main impetus of the oblivious. It was dread of death that drove Pi to come out with the six intends to dispose of Richard Parker. His id was overpowering to such an extent that it defeats his superego since he needs to remain alive. This shows a people id rules the superego when one is battling in the middle of the life and demise circumstance. Pi would not have the option to endure if his superego was more grounded than his id. Other than that, Pavlov had a hypothesis about molding. The hypothesis proposes that relationship to the unconditioned upgrade is made with the adapted improvement inside the cerebrum, yet without including the cognizant piece of the brain. Pi shows this hypothesis by utilizing a whistle to condition Richard Parker. TREEEEEE ! TREEEEEE ! TREEEEEE! (Martel 127) Moreover, Pi gives Richard Parker a portion of his food and water so as to control his psyche in believing that he needs Pi so as to endure. In such a manner, Richard Parker has been adapted to follow Pis orders utilizing a whistle, food and water. The sound of the whistle went about as though it was a whip and a seat utilized by the ringmaster to tame the lion in a bazaar. Pi thought of a progression of preparing project to condition Richard Parker, for example, make him drink from a bucket, providing him with food and request that he do deceives by hopping through a loop to tell him that who is the alpha. It effectively helpe d Pi to make due with Richard Parker. Pi additionally molded Richard Parker by playing his defecation. To show his defecation straightforwardly, to display the little of them, would have been an indication of social predominance. (Martel 283) Richard Parker has been adapted to depend on Pi to endure. Hence, the hypothesis of Palvol is unmistakably appeared in Life of Pi. Moreover, in the story Life of Pi, there is likewise the hypothesis of human inspiration proposed by Abraham Maslow. There is a chain of command of Maslow related to the Maslows hypothesis. The order of Maslow is delineated as a pyramid made up of five levels altogether. Initially, the most minimal level and furthermore the predominant level is the physiological needs. The others are development needs to be specific wellbeing, love, regard and self completion. Physiological needs, for example, air, food and water are essential to guarantee human endurance. At the point when one is happy with physiological necessities, with equivalent energy, one looked for wellbeing which is the second degree of progressive system of Maslow. Pi was spurred to live by dread. Richard Parker was the person who dispensed dread on Pi to keep him enduring. I should say a word regarding dread. It is lifes genuine just rival. No one but dread can overcome life. (Martel 214) Pi was spurred to not abandon his life so without any problem. Rather, he battled like a warrior so he could endure this difficult catastrophe. Pi likewise conceded that if Richard Parker was not exist, he would as of now abandoned his life. It was Richard Parker who quieted me down. It is the incongruity of this story that the person who frightened me stupid to begin with was exactly the same who brought me harmony, reason, I dare say even wholeless. (Martel 216) This statement has demonstrated that Pi endure the dejection in the organization of Richard Parker. All in all, the story Life of Pi is the ideal material to be dissect under psychoanalytic focal point as there are different pieces of the story which contacts the supremacy of Freud hypothesis, Iceberg hypothesis, Palvol hypothesis and Maslows human inspiration hypothesis. Being abandoned on a remote location, the yearning, dread and agony are the common senses one could have. These normal impulses are likewise the strict necessities to the key of endurance. It may not be a logical truth, however its mental truth. (Aldiss 1) this statement implies that a people character and conduct will be unable to be demonstrated deductively, yet it very well may be demonstrated mentally.

SIPA News Science and Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA News Science and Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The latest issue of SIPA News is now available.   The magazine is published twice per year and features articles written by students and faculty at SIPA.   The topic for this issue is science and technology and the following are just a few of the articles: Video Advocacy for Human Rights How the 21st Century Became Green This Domain Has Been Disabled: U.S. Online Service Providers and Their Role in Intermediary Censorship Blogging in Burma:   Cyber-Dissidents Fight for Freedom Against the Odds The Original Medical Tourism Destination: Keeping Patients Coming as Health Care Goes Global Video Sharing from the Grave: A Tale of Murder, Intrigue and Micro blogging in Guatemala Science at SIPA: The Course Work of the Future The full magazine is available for veiwing as a PDF by clicking here.   All previous issues of SIPA News can also be viewed on line by clicking here. For details on the following picture, see page 5 of the PDF.

Invisible Cities By Italo Calvino - 1395 Words

Italo Calvino’s (1923-1985) novel Invisible Cities consists of a number of dialogues between traveller Marco Polo and the Tartar Emperor Kublai Khan. Traveller Marco Polo tells Kublai Khan tales of the numerous cities of his empire, which the Khan himself will never visit. The men play with the notion that an understanding of the world’s cities will inform the emperor on how to govern his realm (Bloom 2001). Each city cannot be compared, as they are all radically different from one another. Calvino explores the concept of cities as a collective construction, made up of the memories, desires and experiences of its inhabitants. Cities should not be conceived as a unit but rather as the sum of its inhabitants’ multiple points of views which, all combined, create a multi-faceted perspective (Calvino 1974). Thus, the city is an aggregation of public and private spaces, from which emerges a shared identity allowing us to live in it. Themes that run throughout the book are desire, memories and signs, all of which Calvino uses as headings to classify sections of the book. The strong use of imaginative writing develops the theme of desire within the book. Cities are made up of desires. Polo misses his homeland, and tells his stories as though each city is female. Thus, the cities become objects of desire. The theme of desire is male oriented in which the woman is chased. A concept in which is explored literally, in the city of Zobiede. In Zobiede the street plan is theShow MoreRelated`` Invisible Cities `` By Italo Calvino1834 Words   |  8 Pagesentitled â€Å"invisible cities† was published in Italy in 1972, written by a very famous Italian prose writer of the postwar era, Italo Calvino. 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Most cities are known throughRead MoreThe Allegory Of Invisible Cities Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages The Allegory in Invisible Cities Italo Calvino’s extraordinary story, Invisible Cities is a literary accomplishment. Invisible Cities contains of an impressive display of discussions between Marco Polo, the legendary Venetian explorer, and Kublai Khan, the famous Conqueror. The two settled in Kublai Khan’s garden and Marco Polo details, or for all one knows invents, depictions of several wonderful cities. Considering these cities are not ever actually seen, yet only recounted, they are unnoticeableRead MoreI Am A Designer At Heart. I Started As A Graphic Designer1332 Words   |  6 PagesItalian cities. I want to compare my perspective on beauty that has emerged from my personal interpretation of design with the perspective of a city and its spheres of technology, innovation, and socioeconomic change. I am fascinated by the other extensions of beauty into areas I had not considered before, particularly cultural economics, the development of smart cities, and urban sustainability. We always seek to ma ke our designs as beautiful as they can be. I am eager to discover what the cities ofRead MoreThe Master And Margarita By Mikhail Bulgakov1744 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Russian city of Moscow while Invisible Cities is a novel by Italo Calvino. Both novels share striking similarities but also do share sharply contrasting approaches. Both books are fictional and have similar stylistic devices in their description of events. Invisible Cities is a book that requires the reader to use extensively of his imagination so as to envision the cities that he is describing. The description of the cities can be confusing as is with description of Ziara as â€Å"The city does notRead MoreThe Human Condition Of The World2221 Words   |  9 Pagesnovels to reveal the best and worst in the race of men, in order to illustrate how humanity can improve as a species. Through exploring the works: Life of Pi by Yann Martel, A Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino, this analysis makes sense as the ties between these reoccurring themes are strong. This is remarkable because fiction authors are never expected to write about real world issues, most readers only assume they write purely for entertainmentRead MoreThe Beauty Of Waste : Can Information Experience Design Change Consumers Essay1889 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION Nobody wonders where, each day, they carry their load of refuse. Outside the city, surely; but each year the city expands, and the street cleaners have to fall farther back. The bulk of the outflow increases and the piles rise higher, become stratified, extend over a wider perimeter† Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities, 1972 The motivation for my choice of topic is rooted in a powerful recent personal experience: About a year ago, I was fortunateRead MoreThe Theory, History, and Development of Magical Realism Essay examples3188 Words   |  13 PagesEva Luna, the magical child, in such a manner that fact and fantasy become one and the same. Ben Okri’s The Famished Road (1992) is a classic of magical realism with a distinctively African twist. The book takes the reader to an unnamed Third World city in the Nigerian landscape, the author’s own native land. Okri begins the story: IN THE BEGINNING there was a river. The river became a road and the road branched out to the whole world. And because the road was once a river it was always hungry. InRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 PagesGrammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985. Book with an organization or group as the author: American Medical Association. American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. New York: Random, 1989. A work from an anthology: Calvino, Italo. Cybernetics and Ghosts. The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans. Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Black Theater: A Twentieth-Century Collect- ion of the Work of its Best Playwrights

The Benefits of Physical Activity Essay - 884 Words

Physical activity is one of the crucial elements in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and its related morbidities (Morrato, Hill, Wyatt, Ghushchyan Sullivan, 2007). Physical activity is necessary not only to manage or prevent chronic diseases but also for the general health and wellbeing. There is much evidence to support the benefits of physical activity as it has acute and chronic effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism (De Feo, Di Loreto, Ranchelli, Fatone, Gambelunghe, Lucidi and Santeusanio, 2006). Physical activity is the modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Several authors have endeavoured to encapsulate the evidence of advantages of physical activity in managing type 2 diabetes. The†¦show more content†¦Moreover, it appears that, there was a decrease in the occurrence of premature death of 39%–54% from any cause and of 34%–53% from cardiovascular disease among patients with diabetes who walked at least 120 minutes per week (Warburton, Nicol, Bredin, 2006). Insulin sensitivity can be influenced by physical activity in various ways. Physical activity intensifies both GLUT4-dependent and hypoxia-dependent glucose transport in skeletal muscle (Balkau et al., 2008). Working muscles use non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) as the primary source of energy. Even though the muscle glycogen is the main source of energy at the beginning of the exercise, circulating glucose, especially NEFAs become the chief source of energy with increasing duration of exercise. Muscle contraction during exercise increases glucose transporters and enhance glucose utilisation by the cells. Usually people with diabetes are resistant to insulin but not resistant to the stimulatory effect of exercise on glucose uptake. The activation of proinsulin receptor signalling during physical activity directly enhances insulin action at the exercising muscle (Sigal et al., 2004). Physical activity and fitness lead to improved health outcomes in many ways. Routine physical activity improves body composition, helps to achieve better lipid profiles, improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, controls hypertension, improves autonomic tone, diminishes systemic inflammation, prevents the formation ofShow MoreRelatedPhysical And Emotional Benefits Of Physical Activity1222 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the physical and emotional benefits of moderate physical activity, most Americans are not getting enough exercise to sustain healthy behavior and reduce their risks of illness. A lack of physical activity has been shown to be a risk factor for several conditions. Less active people tend to have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, as well as feelings of anxiety and depression (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2015). Studies have shown the physically inactive people haveRead MoreThe Benefits of Physical Activity Essay920 Words   |  4 Page swrites in his article on Exercise Statistics, People who engage in physical for 7 hours per week have a 40 percent lower chance of dying early than people who are active for less than 30 minutes a week. This statement is one of the many statements in his article proving the importance of fitness; it has the ability to enhance quality of life. Regular exercise can lower the risk of many diseases, improve the function of the physical body, as well as psychological health. Fitness by definition isRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Physical Activity988 Words   |  4 Pages There are many benefits of fitness which are hard to ignore and extend well beyond ones weight. Regular physical activity can help reduce risk for numerous ailments and health conditions and help to improve one’s overall quality of life. Enhanced physique often comes along with a good fitness schedule, keeping one motivated. Fitness is the condition of being physically fit and healthy, however becoming active, staying active or boosting your level of physical activity is difficult for some toRead MoreBenefits Of Physical Activities For Children2453 Words   |  10 PagesBenefits of Physical Activities for Children Do you have a child or siblings? What if at age 10 they went for a regular doctor check up and got diagnosed with diabetes. But then ontop of that information, you were told that it could have been prevented with just a little exercise. Diabetes prevention is one of many ways that physical activities benefit children. My name is Kayla Langley and I would like to inform you of the numerous benefits of exercise for children, those with and without disordersRead MoreBenefits Of Regular Physical Activity2271 Words   |  10 PagesVillanova University HRD8213 – Benefits 1. Research the benefits of regular physical activity as a tool to reduce health care costs. Physical activity helps reduce stress, also promotes healthy lifestyle. Healthier employees are more productive Healthy employees will use less sick time Healthy workforce will help to reduce health care costs in the long term Also promotes mental health care Abstract There is significant research that shows a direct correlation between the rising costsRead MoreHealth Benefits Of Daily Physical Activity972 Words   |  4 Pagesabout health benefits of daily physical activity. The audience will be able to list two benefits of daily physical activity after this presentation. The central idea is that physical activity should be implemented daily to promote a happy and healthy life. 2. Audience: The ideal audience for my presentation would be school age children and teens; although, the topic of this presentation would be appropriate for a broader audience. Ideally, school age children and teens would benefit more from thisRead MoreThe Social-Emotional, Cognitive and Physical Benefits of Physical Activity1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe social-emotional, cognitive and physical benefits of physical activity During childhood our body and mind changes very fast. I believe that nowadays parents focus more on the brain developement of their children than their physical activity. When I was a little girl - over 20 years ago - we spent most of our time outside playing, running and enjoying fresh air and being in movement. Physical activity of children can secure them health and well being in their adulthood as well as teachRead MoreBenefits That Bring Health Practice Of Physical Activity1622 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The benefits that bring health practice of physical activity performed regularly and the risks involved in sedentary, especially of the elderly, lifestyles have been widely established in numerous epidemiological studies in recent years. However, the sedentary lifestyle of our society is becoming a constant threat to public health, which is carrying to professionals from the health sector to adopt targeted measures to promote the physical activity of the society in general and elderly peopleRead MoreEssay about Healing in Motion: The Benefits of Physical Activity693 Words   |  3 Pagesstop playing because you grow old: you grow old because You Stop playing. George Shaw . being old is a psychological condition: if you are Eighty, and you are in good shape, you can still be fit, and physically active. Physical activity leads to a healthier and longer life, better school performance, And a generally a more positive attitude. Facts show that each student should Get at least 30 minutes of exercise in schools. These thirty minutes of exerciseRead MorePhilosophy of Physical Education1219 Words   |  5 PagesEach and every person has a different view of what physical education really is. â€Å"Is it education in sport?† asks Siedentop â€Å"Is it fitness education? Is it social development? Is it development through risk and adventure? Is it movement? Instead,† he says, â€Å"it is all of these things – and maybe more?† (1998, p.237). Whereas Wuest and Butcher feel that physical activity is â€Å"a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal development and

Consider the accuracy of Lears claim that he is a man /...

King Lear is throught the whole play a man who is a sinner and the victim of the evil deeds of those who surround him, those he keeps most close mostly are the worst sinners against him. He thinks he does the right good things but has to find out that almost everything he did out of meaning well by the people he considered as the good ones at the time he did it were the wrong moves. When Lear realizes that his moves seem to have been wrong he tells Kent and the Fool during a storm that he is â€Å"a man / More sinned against than sinning†, knowing that he also made mistakes, not only the others. But is King Lear really more of a victim than a guilty one? The most shocking and maybe also the most fatal sin of King Lear is the disinheriting and†¦show more content†¦Lear’s blindness could be a result of his believe in his power as a king. He just can’t imagine that somebody would try and fool the king like that. In my eyes another sin of King Lear is his incapacity of listening with his heart and soul. Lear only can listen with his ears. He can’t understand what Cordelia is telling him by opening her heart and soul to him because his heart and soul are not open to words and can’t be reached that way. King Lear only hears sweet words. If his heart was not closed to words he would have realised that Cordelia’s words sound way more true and honest than Goneril’, who tells her father that she loves him more than her eyesight, as much as she loves her life (1.1.54-61), or Regan’s, who goes even beyond the things that Goneril said. But because only his ears listen, Lear isn’t able to understand that what Cordelia says is worth a lot more than what his other daughters are telling him. This lack of judgement is fatal and costs Lear a lot in the end. If you try to take a look at King Lear’s sins in a Christian way you will also find some of the worst of all sins in his personality. Of the Seven Deadly Sins which are Envy, Pride, Lust, Gluttony, Wrath, Sloth, and Greed, I find the maybe worst of them in this king. The sins of Wrath and Pride are the most striking features of Lear’s personality, and in my eyes he commits the sin of Sloth in a minor case as well.

Creative Technology-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a reflection on reflection the use technology in practice as an artist, designer or researcher. Include a background on the speaker. Answer: Introduction: Helen Pridmore has enjoyed a career which is mainly focused on the contemporary scored music, experienced music and improvisation. She has performed in many places across Canada and USA as well as around Europe and Japan. She has also performed with the voice/electronic duo Sbot N Wo, with the New Brunswick new music group Motion Ensemble, along with this she has also performed as a guest with numerous number of organisations which includes the Aventa Ensemble, the Five Penny New Music Festival in Sudbury, ON, New Music Edmonton, New Works Calgary, the Western Front in Vancouver, BC, Torontos Music Gallery, the Sound Symposium in Newfoundland, and many more. Along with performing all this she has also adjudicated at different music festivals and has given workshops besides giving master classes in Canada, the US and the UK. Discussion Helen Pridmore had an interest in the new Canadian music so she commissioned and premiered various vocal works by Martin Arnold, Emily Doolittle, WL Altman, Helen Hall and Ian Crutchley. Along with this she also premiered various vocal music of different artists like Derek Charke, John Abram, Monica Pearce, Andre Cormier, Jim OLeary and Robert Bauer. She has also performed various vocal works by different composers from all across Canada. in the session of 2015-2016 Helen also premiered the Goya: Opera which consisted of the music of WL Altman, libretto by David fancy and also a live video by Ian Campbell, in Regina and in the Mexico City. With Ensemble 1534 Helen performed the Vio (Rex). Ensemble is a made up of a collective group of finest new music performers from Ottawa and Toronto in the year of 2013. Being a member of the Motion Ensemble based on the New Brunswicks new music group she served them for around 10 years. Many works of the Canadian composers were premiered by the Motion and this composer includes Martin Arnold, Juliet Palmer, Robert Lemay, Richard Gibson,Alcides Lanza, Tim Bardy, Moiya Callahan, Michael Oesterle and many more. Helen has also performed in France and New Brunswick, and also toured in the Western Canada with the Motion2 which is a trio of the tree former members of Motion Emblem in the year of 2015. Besides this Helen is also an educator she has a degree of B.Mus. from the University of Saskatchewan, a M.Mus. from the University of Toronto and D.M.A. from the Eastman School of Music. She is also having a Licentiate Diploma in the Piano Performance from the Trinity College, London (UK). Helen has taught in the Mount Allison University of New Brunswick for around 15 years and then started her new career at the University of Regina in the year of 2014. In this University along with her busy schedule she also made a lot of contributions in the rich programs of the University for interdisciplinary studies, and also taught music and new innovative and creative technologies. Conclusion: Helen Pridmore made her first debut in December 2012 in the Carnegie Hall where she had performed the music of John Cage along with the American Symphony Orchestra. She had also launched a solo CD named Janet in the year of 2012 on the Centrediscs label at the Canadian Music Centre along with this she had a tour to the Seattle, Vancouver, Victoria, Edmonton and Calgary in the year of 2013. Another Centredisc release between the shore and the ships by Helen won a music award of the East Coast in the section of Best Classical Recording of year 2013. Helen is also one of the frequent guest of the Aventa Ensemble of Victoria. In the year of 2018 she is going to be featured in the premier of the Michael Finnissys new opera named The Undivine Comedy, in association with Aventa. In the year of 2015 she also performed twice with the Aventa, which presented Philippe Lerouxs virtuosic Vio (Rex) in February and also premiered a new work in the month of May by Michael Finnissy. Bibligraphy: Carnegie Hall debut in December 2012, performing the music of John Cage with the American Symphony Orchestra. Helens CD with clarinetist Wesley Ferreirabetween the shore and the ships, released on the Canadian Music Centres Centrediscs label, won an East Coast Music Award for Best Classical Recording in 2013. Her solo CDJanet,released in 2012 on Centrediscs label, was launched with a tour to Seattle, Vancouver, Victoria, Edmonton and Calgary in 2013. Member of Virtual Chorus (video contributor) forthere is no why here:a multimedia music theatre project premiered in Bologna, Italy, March 2014. A Production of Muziektheater Transparant and Teatro Comunale di Bologna in coproduction with deSingel, with the collaboration of GRAME Lyon. Pridmore, H., 2013. Inside, Outside the Sound.Journal of Singing-The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing,69(4), pp.419-428. Several published articles in theJournalof the National Association of Teachers of Singing. Solo singer in the multidisciplinary production Mirror, part of theEuphonopenProject, presented by Inter Arts Matrix at the Open Ears Festival, June 2014. With Motion Ensemble Helen has a CD in the Mode Records collection of the complete works of John Cage (Variations, Mode Records 129).

Mapping Global Media Flow and Contra

Memories of the Civil War essays

Memories of the Civil War essays My name is Henry Campbell, and I have just enlisted in the Union Army! But first, let me tell you a little bit about myself. I was born in Muncle, Indiana, June 20th, 1842. Right now I am 19 years of age and have been assigned as Corporal of the Indiana Light Battery, because of my good leadership, courage, and a strong lust for war. My parents are Harvey and Janet Campbell, and before the war had started, we ran a successful dry goods store. Our economic standing is pretty good I would say, and we can afford to buy what we like. My job used to be as a dry goods clerk for my father, and I had made a decent amount of money, but I felt that I needed more than just money to live a good life. My parents did have some disagreements with me joining the Union Army, but I had finally convinced them to let me go. I had nothing to do with my life, just like many of my friends who had done the same thing, join the war and fight for whats right; freedom, equality, and to be given a true name in history that would be heard from sea to shining sea. I had one sibling, a brother, whose name was Gregory, who died at the Battle of Bull Run at the age of 21, trying to defend the industrious Union lands. Because of this I have gone off to fight against the dirty Southerners, to avenge my brothers death, to free the thousands if not millions of slaves, and to reunite this beautiful land. As you can see, my stand on slavery is that I want all of the innocent slaves to be free, to have them regain their freedom, to stop having them fear whites, and to let them live freely and equally with white men. My education is good since I have gone to the Perdue University, one of the finest universities in all of Indiana. In fact, I had just finished Perdue about four months ago, time sure does fly fast here. And my religion is Christian. I support the Union because they understand how life should be. What I mean is that everyday in the Union ...

Marketing Analysis of Porsche Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Analysis of Porsche - Case Study Example The traditional Porsche customer typically consists of a small group of financially successful and high achievers in their field of work. They see themselves apart from the real world, which inspires people to different levels (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012, pg 186). They are also achievers and is conscious of their status. The buyer of a Cayenne or a Panamera, on the other hand, is one that has moved into a new life stage that needs to haul more people and stuff but still maintains its exclusivity and still fit the achiever profile of a regular Porsche buyer. They are the same successful people who may have settled down to have a family and thus wanted to have a bigger car for their family without losing their sense of exclusivity. In the case of emerging market such as China, the Cayenne and Panamera customers consider the car to be stylish but who may also enable to make a quick getaway if necessary. The concept from the chapter that explains why Porsche sold so many lower-priced models in the 1970s and 1980s is the concept of creating and capturing customer value. Its management thought that there were not enough buyers to keep the company afloat and begun to worry about the quirky nature of their traditional customs. So they created the entry-level Porsche 914 and 944 as lower-priced models. This strategy was an attempt to create more customers by offering value to them as explained in part 1 of the book. The management thought that by offering more value to the lower segment of the market, they would expand their customer base through scale and thus, keep the company afloat.Experience, however, has shown that this strategy backfired because it undermines the exclusivity appeal of the Porsche brand.Porsche’s brand appeal lies in its exclusivity.   This however elicited a positive and negative attitude toward the brand by its customers.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Leaders and policy makers - making tourism more sustainable Research Paper

Leaders and policy makers - making tourism more sustainable - Research Paper Example I declare that this assignment is all my own work and the sources of information and material I have used (including the internet) have been fully identified and properly acknowledged as required in the referencing guideline given in the Course Handbook which I received. Groupwork: all members should be identified at the top of this form, but only one member need submit the work. Please clearly indicate the name/letter of the group. Approval for Extended Submission: Approved Extension Date: (to be completed by the Programme Leader) Contents Contents 3 Eccardt, T. 2004, Secrets of the Seven smallest states of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City. Hippocrene Books. 21 1. Introduction: This research paper â€Å"Leaders and Policy Makers- Making Tourism More Sustainable† will explore the impacts of policies and leadership capabilities on making tourism sustainable. The country chosen in this case study is Malta. The reason behind t he selection of this industry and this country is because the researcher belongs to Malta, and has ample experience in this industry. Tourism is a very important industry and plays an extensive and lucrative role in the economy of any country. The countries which have explored and utilized their own tourism potential are leading the economic charts today all around the world. Analysis of economically developed and developing countries especially those which have a very high per capita income shows that most of these countries have efficiently developed tourism industry at home. Tourism brings foreigners which ultimately lead to increased foreign exchange which is one of the most important indicators of a developed country. For example, Switzerland which is 133rd largest country in the world area wise has 4th highest per capita income figures in the world. Although the economy of Switzerland is very strong and has been persistent over the time but their real source of economic stabil ity and contribution comes from the well developed and lucrative tourism industry. The flourishing GDP of Switzerland is the result of well developed and organized tourism industry. (Aminu, 2009). Tourism industry in Malta can also bring huge foreign capital and foreign exchange to Malta with ample economical benefits. Malta has the tourism potential and can make the best use of it if policies are planned carefully. Tourism industry can be most beneficial if it is developed on a plan that would ensure the future sustainability. Leaders and policy makers can play a very positive and important role in developing a successful, lucrative and sustainable tourism industry. Planning sustainable tourism carefully can lead to sustainable tourism and regular growth of GDP through decades. This is what the policy makers must keep in mind while planning milestones and policies of any industry (Gupta, 2008). This report is based on secondary data. A lot of data has been studied to come up with t his research report. Analysis of the situation has been done on the basis of existing policy documents. Malta’s climate and sea remain the primary reasons why tourists flock to this resort. A natural harbor present in the island, offering significant protection to naval vessels, has enhanced Malta’s strategic location for any conqueror that seeks to dominate the Mediterranean Sea. Romans, Normans, Arabs, British and

Sample Assignment Coca-Cola Global Marketing Strategy

Sample Assignment Coca-Cola Global Marketing Strategy Introduction As domestic markets mature, it is becoming more and more fashionable for organisations to seek growth through opportunities in foreign countries. Faster communication, new technologies and improved transport links are making international markets more accessible and businesses pursuing a global position can experience an upsurge in brand awareness and cost effectiveness. Global marketing is a relatively new concept linked to these developments. In the main, it is concerned with decisions for integrating or standardising marketing actions across a number of geographic markets. This does not rule out any customisation of the marketing mix to individual countries but suggests that organisations should capitalise on similarities between markets to build competitive advantage. Compelling cases can be put forward for both a standardisation or adaptation approach to international marketing practice. These arguments are keenly explored, drawing from examples of Coca-Colas international marketing programme to elucidate key points. Background of Coca-Cola As the worlds largest manufacturer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverages, Coca-Cola is certainly no stranger to global marketing. Established in the US, Coca-Cola initiated its global expansion in 1919 and now markets to more than 200 countries worldwide. It is one of the most recognizable brands on the planet and also owns a large portfolio of other soft drink brands including Schweppes, Oasis, 5 alive, Kea Oar, Fanta, Lilt, Dr Pepper, Sprite and Powerade. Despite this, Coca-Cola often struggles to maintain its market share over its main rival PepsiCo in some overseas markets, particularly Asian countries. Arguments for Standardisation †¢ Converging customer needs and preferences It is proposed by Levitt that the forces of globalisation driven by technology and wider travel are leading to more homogenised customer needs and wants worldwide. This paves the way for the building of global brand identities where companies are able to export their domestic brands to mass markets abroad and consumers will react to them in similar ways. In this sense, standardised marketing with a universal product and message can be an integrating force across national borders. To send out different communication messages across countries could lead to customer confusion and even dilution of the brand. In keeping with this, Coca-Cola sells virtually the same Coke beverage worldwide. The design of Coca-Cola soft drinks has changed little in its history, from the logo to the distinctive glass bottle. These unique and consistent characteristics evoke a strong brand image which has cross-cultural appeal. †¢ Economies of scale/experience In many industries, companies can reap cost advantages by operating on a global scale and ultimately improve their all-round competitiveness. Using a centralised structure, a firm can draw economies from bulk purchase discounts or by sharing functions such as product development, marketing, production and managerial resources among different markets. In Coca-Colas example, economies are gained through the competent running of a large-scale franchising system for its bottling operations. †¢ Technological viability In sectors where technological and production processes are homogeneous, extra weight is placed on standardisation of products as a prerequisite for success. As part of its vision that Coke should taste the same around the world, Coca-Cola has chosen to standardise its product and manufacturing process. The knock on effects of this are more streamlined procedures and greater cost efficiencies. It is worth noting Levitts argument that companies which opt to produce an assortment of products serving different customer segments would be unable to survive globalisation due to inefficiencies in their operation. Arguments for Adaptation †¢ Consumer Diversity Supporters of the adaptation view contend that, regardless of globalisation, consumers in different countries continue to vary dramatically in their geographic, demographic, economic and cultural characteristics. It is sensible to imply that, where there are differences in product preferences, product uses, attitudes, shopping patterns, income levels and education, a business will need to adapt its product offering or communication programme in some shape or form. By carefully singling out the most significant differences, organisations can tailor products to suit local tastes and conditions. Dennis and Harris pronounced that global branding strategy should actually be a local plan for each component market, as to apply a standard approach worldwide without considering local preferences and cultural differences is doomed to failure. Food and beverage organisations in particular, can easily fall prey to obstacles such as regional taste and category development issues. On the other hand, organisations that market internationally have to bear in mind that customising communication and product strategy will increase overall marketing costs. Traditionally, Coca-Cola used a standardised marketing campaign strategy where it would pull advertisements for specific markets from a common pool of adverts designed to have universal appeal. Lately, Coca-Cola has chosen to back away from a full standardisation approach and to instead tweak its efforts to accommodate local culture and nuances. Its former approach was deemed too rigid with some of its campaigns not always successfully transcending national borders. Although the branding and position of Coca-Cola remains consistent worldwide, its execution is based on what is judged to be best for each local market. This is evident in its Live on the Coke Side of Life advertisement campaign launched in 2006 where elements of local culture are included. On the product side, Coke bottles and cans include the target countries native language and are sized to match up to other beverage bottles or cans in that country. The company also offers a varied product line-up to capture different consumer tastes, for example, soy drinks for its Asian markets. †¢ Differences in Infrastructure and Regulations Several multinational companies, including Coca-Cola, have discovered that operating from a completely central and standardised perspective can impede the progress of the company, especially when it comes to understanding and integrating with local conditions. Coca-Cola is well known for its widespread accessibility through a variety of channels such as large supermarkets, petrol stations, restaurants, hospitals, cafes and so on. Having a strong brand gave Coca-Cola the supplier bargaining power it needed to break into the more complex and entrenched distribution systems of lots of countries. Adding the fact that food laws can vary tremendously from one country to another, it is not surprising that Coca-Cola describes itself as multi-local. Despite a standardised product, Coca-Cola is obliged to adopt different approaches to the global marketplace. This goes some way to disproving Levitts idea that one size fits all and emphasises a plan global, act local approach instead. Conclusion In essence, the arguments above reveal that global marketing is not necessarily an all or nothing proposition. Companies have the freedom to choose from many possibilities on the spectrum from total standardisation through to complete customisation. Clearly there are circumstances where multinationals can gain through increased standardisation of products and marketing, especially with respect to keeping costs down and building brand power. On the other hand, in conditions where national market differences are more marked, this strategy would harm the company and its reputation. By making standardisation decisions using target market conditions as its starting point, an organisation can ensure that, in the long-term, customers are being offered what they want. Although Coca-Cola can seemingly gain a great deal from a standardised agenda, its decision to combine global and local resources is ultimately more long-standing in a market where national customer differences are influential.

Casablanca as Political Propaganda Essay -- Film Movies Cinema

Casablanca debuted in 1942, shortly following the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the United States' entrance into World War Two, although there was plenty of anti-Nazism sentiment, the movie fueled these feelings. There is pro-Allied forces propaganda to support the war, from the scene with La Marseillaise, to the characters of Renault and Rick, and to the last scene. Although the majority of the French patriots were elated to sing their national anthem, it created tension with the German soldiers who imposed their patriotic songs on the crowd, representing the imposition of Germany on France during the war. Captain Louis Renault, who tries to placate who he believes will be the winning side, seems flimsy when compared to Rick, the firm patriot who believes in freedom at all costs. The phrase, "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship" represents the new strong bond between France and the United States once Nazi-Germany has fallen. Although the film is propaga nda against the Nazis, the political language in the movie does not glorify American courage and valor, nor is it militaristic. The movie presents the facts while emphasizing the poor qualities of the Nazis. The Nazis are not portrayed in a good or friendly manner throughout the entire movie, especially during the La Marseillaise scene. When the German soldiers, led by Strasser, begin to sing their patriotic song, ?Die Wacht am Rhein? in French territory, it does not sit well with the French patriots. This singing represents the German invasion of France in their government, culture and territory because the Germans come into foreign land with their military and control all aspects of society. The movie depicts the soldiers as drunk and tone-dea... ...gain refers to the relationship that America hopes for after the war. It illustrates a strengthened France and America with the collapse of Germany. Entering a war is an effort that is best when it has popular support and enthusiasm. Casablanca is propaganda for the Allied forces to help rally support. There is clear evidence of this idea in the scene with the French national anthem, the character development, and the ending. France and the United States prevail as Germany falls and dies. ?Casablanca.? Variety. 26 Nov. 1942. Variety 100. 22 May 2008 . Crowther, Bosley. "Casablanca (1942)." New York Times. 7 Nov. 1942. 21 May 2008 .

Own Self Concepts Essay

Own Self Concepts SPC 2300 – 12 Own Self Concepts 1. Define one change you would like to make in yourself. It might be a behavior or anything about yourself that you would like to alter. * I would like to change one of my behaviors about myself. The worst quality about me is that I am always late no matter what the case may be. I am not late on purpose, but it seems like something always puts me behind schedule. It drives both my family and friends crazy. They have learned when I say I will be there in thirty minutes, to expect me in about an hour. This is a behavior of mine that I need to work on immediately. . Write a specific goal for making the change, being sure your goal is realistic and fair. Use affirming, motivational language in your goal. For example, â€Å"I will show my best friends that I am paying attention when they talk to me. † * This is something about myself I have needed to change for a long time. It is not something I do intentionally to drive my f amily and friends crazy. I need to become a little more time oriented, so that I can be where I say I am going to be, at a certain time. I will show my family and friends that I can be on time to their events. My first goal is to sit down with a calendar, and write down already known events and times. This way I will not schedule more than one event at a time. Next, by having a planner, I can add any new events that occur in future. I will be able to check available dates and make sure I have nothing already planned. Lastly, by sticking to my schedule and planning ahead it should reduce the amount of time I am late. I know I always have to expect the unexpected, but at least I have control over the already known about. 3. Observe or think of others who are models for what you want to be. Write down what they do. For example, â€Å"Tracy nods a lot and repeats back what others say so they know she is listening. † * A model person for me to observe and take tips from would be my mother. She will have a whole list of things to accomplish within her day, and gets them all done and on time. She has a monthly day planner that she carries with her at all times. She always makes sure to add important and upcoming events, as well as any of her daily to-dos to the planner. My mom also makes sure not to make more plans than she can fulfill within her day. It seems to work for my mom, so I don’t see why it wouldn’t work for me. . What context or setting is required for you to achieve your goal? For example, â€Å"I will talk with my friends in private, distraction-free settings. † * I will need to follow the schedule I set for myself and not let myself get distracted from my original plans. It might even be good for my family and friends to be a little bit stricter when it co mes to my tardiness. For the most part, this behavior is something I have to train myself on. No one else can do this for me. I have got to learn how to manage my time better, so that I will arrive at events when I am supposed to be there. . Identify potential barriers to the change. Some potential barriers that may cause some problems for my change will be the exact people who request the change of me. I will admit that I do control a lot of my tardiness, but not all of it is my fault. I will be on my way somewhere, when a friend asks me to do something for them. They promise it will only take five minutes. At that point, it is usually over an hour when they are done with me. I have got to learn to tell my family and friends no sometimes, in order to fulfill prior obligations.

A Beginners Guide to the Renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural and scholarly movement which stressed the rediscovery and application of texts and thought from classical antiquity, occurring in Europe c. 1400 – c. 1600. The Renaissance can also refer to the period of European history spanning roughly the same dates. Its increasingly important to stress that the Renaissance had a long history of developments that included the twelfth-century renaissance and more. What Was the Renaissance? There remains debate about what exactly constituted the Renaissance. Essentially, it was a cultural and intellectual movement, intimately tied to society and politics, of the late 14th to early 17th centuries, although it is commonly restricted to just the 15th and 16th centuries. It is considered to have originated in Italy. Traditionally people have claimed it was stimulated, in part, by Petrarch, who had a passion for rediscovering lost manuscripts and a fierce belief in the civilizing power of ancient thought and in part by conditions in Florence. At its core, the Renaissance was a movement dedicated to the rediscovery and use of classical learning, that is to say, knowledge and attitudes from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’, and Renaissance thinkers believed the period between themselves and the fall of Rome, which they labeled the Middle Ages, had seen a decline in cultural achievement compared with the earlier eras. Participants intended, through the study of classical texts, textual criticism, and classical techniques, to both reintroduce the heights of those ancient days and improve the situation of their contemporaries. Some of these classical texts survived only amongst Islamic scholars and were brought back to Europe at this time. The Renaissance Period â€Å"Renaissance† can also refer to the period, c. 1400 – c. 1600. â€Å"High Renaissance† generally refers to c. 1480 – c. 1520. The era was dynamic, with European explorers â€Å"finding† new continents, the transformation of trading methods and patterns, the decline of feudalism (in so far as it ever existed), scientific developments such as the Copernican system of the cosmos and the rise of gunpowder. Many of these changes were triggered, in part, by the Renaissance, such as classical mathematics stimulating new financial trading mechanisms, or new techniques from the east boosting ocean navigation. The printing press was also developed, allowing Renaissance texts to be disseminated widely (in actual fact this print was an enabling factor rather than a result). Why Was This Renaissance Different? Classical culture had never totally vanished from Europe, and it experienced sporadic rebirths. There was the Carolingian Renaissance in the eighth to ninth centuries and a major one in the â€Å"Twelfth Century Renaissance†, which saw Greek science and philosophy returned to European consciousness and the development of a new way of thinking which mixed science and logic called Scholasticism. What was different in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was that this particular rebirth joined together both the elements of scholarly inquiry and cultural endeavor with social and political motivations to create a much broader movement, albeit one with a long history. The Society and Politics Behind the Renaissance Across the fourteenth century, and perhaps before, the old social and political structures of the medieval period broke down, allowing new concepts to rise. A new elite emerged, with new models of thought and ideas to justify themselves; what they found in classical antiquity was something to use both as a prop and a tool for their aggrandizement. Exiting elites matched them to keep pace, as did the Catholic Church. Italy, from which the Renaissance evolved, was a series of city-states, each competing with the others for civic pride, trade, and wealth. They were largely autonomous, with a high proportion of merchants and artisans thanks to the Mediterranean trade routes. At the very top of Italian society, the rulers of the key courts in Italy were all â€Å"new men†, recently confirmed in their positions of power and with newly gained wealth, and they were keen to demonstrate both. There was also wealth and the desire to show it below them. The Black Death had killed millions in Europe and left the survivors with proportionally greater wealth, whether through fewer people inheriting more or simply from the increased wages they could demand. Italian society and the results of the Black Death allowed for much greater social mobility, a constant flow of people keen to demonstrate their wealth. Displaying wealth and using culture to reinforce your social and political was an important aspect of life in that period, and when artistic and scholarly movements turned back to the classical world at the start of the fifteenth century there were plenty of patrons ready to support them in these endeavors to make political points. The importance of piety, as demonstrated through commissioning works of tribute, was also strong, and Christianity proved a heavy influence for thinkers trying to square Christian thought with that of â€Å"pagan† classical writers. The Spread of the Renaissance From its origins in Italy, the Renaissance spread across Europe, the ideas changing and evolving to match local conditions, sometimes linking into existing cultural booms, although still keeping the same core. Trade, marriage, diplomats, scholars, the use of giving artists to forge links, even military invasions, all aided the circulation. Historians now tend to break the Renaissance down into smaller, geographic, groups such as the Italian Renaissance, The English Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance (a composite of several countries) etc. There are also works which talk about the Renaissance as a phenomenon with global reach, influencing – and being influenced by – the east, Americas, and Africa. The End of the Renaissance Some historians argue that the Renaissance ended in the 1520s, some the 1620s. The Renaissance didn’t just stop, but its core ideas gradually converted into other forms, and new paradigms arose, particularly during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. It would be hard to argue we are still in the Renaissance (as you can do with the Enlightenment), as culture and learning move in a different direction, but you have to draw the lines from here back to then (and, of course, back to before then). You could argue that new and different types of Renaissance followed (should you want to write an essay). The Interpretation of the Renaissance The term ‘renaissance’ actually dates from the nineteenth century and has been heavily debated ever since, with some historians questioning whether it’s even a useful word anymore. Early historians described a clear intellectual break with the medieval era, but in recent decades scholarship has turned to recognize growing continuity from the centuries before, suggesting that the changes Europe experienced were more an evolution than a revolution. The era was also far from a golden age for everyone; at the start, it was very much a minority movement of humanists, elites, and artists, although it disseminated wider with printing. Women, in particular, saw a marked reduction in their educational opportunities during the Renaissance. Its no longer possible to talk of a sudden, all changing golden age (or no longer possible and be considered accurate), but rather a phase that wasnt entirely a move forward, or that dangerous historical problem, progress. Renaissance Art There were Renaissance movements in architecture, literature, poetry, drama, music, metals, textiles and furniture, but the Renaissance is perhaps best known for its art. Creative endeavor became viewed as a form of knowledge and achievement, not simply a way of decoration. Art was now to be based on observation of the real world, applying mathematics and optics to achieve more advanced effects like perspective. Paintings, sculpture and other art forms flourished as new talents took up the creation of masterpieces, and enjoying art became seen as the mark of a cultured individual. Renaissance Humanism Perhaps the earliest expression of the Renaissance was in humanism, an intellectual approach which developed among those being taught a new form of curriculum: the studia humanitatis, which challenged the previously dominant Scholastic thinking. Humanists were concerned with the features of human nature and attempts by man to master nature rather than develop religious piety. Humanist thinkers implicitly and explicitly challenged the old Christian mindset, allowing and advancing the new intellectual model behind the Renaissance. However, tensions between humanism and the Catholic Church developed over the period, and humanist learning partly caused the Reformation. Humanism was also deeply pragmatic, giving those involved the educational basis for work in the burgeoning European bureaucracies. It is important to note that the term ‘humanist’ was a later label, just like â€Å"renaissance†. Politics and Liberty The Renaissance used to be regarded as pushing forward a new desire for liberty and republicanism - rediscovered in works about the Roman Republic—even though many of the Italian city-states were taken over by individual rulers. This view has come under close scrutiny by historians and partly rejected, but it did cause some Renaissance thinkers to agitate for greater religious and political freedoms over later years. More widely accepted is the return to thinking about the state as a body with needs and requirements, taking politics away from the application of Christian morals and into a more pragmatic, some might say devious, world, as typified by the work of Machiavelli. There was no marvelous purity in Renaissance politics, just the same twisting about as ever. Books and Learning Part of the changes brought by the Renaissance, or perhaps one of the causes, was the change in attitude to pre-Christian books. Petrarch, who had a self-proclaimed â€Å"lust† to seek out forgotten books among the monasteries and libraries of Europe, contributed to a new outlook: one of (secular) passion and hunger for the knowledge. This attitude spread, increasing the search for lost works and increasing the number of volumes in circulation, in turn influencing more people with classical ideas. One other major result was a renewed trade in manuscripts and the foundation of public libraries to better enable widespread study. Print then enabled an explosion in the reading and spread of texts, by producing them faster and more accurately, and led to the literate populations who formed the basis of the modern world.